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And here, in order to present people who don’t seem to be familiar with, the process of digestion, a clear idea of that necessary operation, and therefore the result produced when alcohol is taken with food, we quote from the lecture of an English physician, Dr. Henry Monroe, on “The Physiological Action of Alcohol.” He says:

“Every kind of substance used by man as food consists of sugar, starch, oil and glutinous matters, mingled along in various proportions; these are designed for the support of the animal frame. The glutinous principles of food  fibrine, albumen  and  casein  are used to create up the structure; whereas the  oil, starch  and  sugar  are chiefly used to generate heat within the body.

“The primary step of the digestive method is the breaking up of the food in the mouth by suggests that of the jaws and teeth. On this being done, the saliva, a viscid liquor, is poured into the mouth from the salivary glands, and as it mixes with the food, it performs a very necessary half within the operation of digestion, rendering the starch of the food soluble, and gradually changing it into a type of sugar, once which the other principles become additional miscible with it. Nearly a pint of saliva is furnished every 24 hours for the use of an adult. When the food has been masticated and mixed with the saliva, it is then passed into the stomach, where it’s acted upon by a juice secreted by the filaments of that organ, and poured into the stomach in large quantities whenever food comes involved with its mucous coats. It consists of a dilute acid known to the chemists as hydrochloric acid, composed of hydrogen and chlorine, united along in certain definite proportions. The gastric juice contains, additionally, a peculiar organic-ferment or decomposing substance, containing nitrogen one thing of the character of yeast termed  pepsine , which is well soluble in the acid simply named. That gastric juice acts as a straightforward chemical solvent, is proved by the very fact that, after death, it has been known to dissolve the abdomen itself.”

It is a slip-up to suppose that, once a sensible dinner, a glass of spirits or beer assists digestion; or that any liquor containing alcohol even bitter beer can in any manner assist digestion. Mix some bread and meat with gastric juice; place them in a phial, and keep that phial in an exceedingly sand-tub at the slow heat of 98 degrees, sometimes shaking briskly the contents to imitate the motion of the abdomen; you’ll realize, when six or eight hours, the entire contents blended into one pultaceous mass. If to another phial of food and gastric juice, treated in the identical approach, I add a glass of pale ale or a quantity of alcohol, at the tip of seven or eight hours, or even some days, the food is scarcely acted upon at all. This can be a fact; and if you’re led to ask why, I answer, as a result of alcohol has the peculiar power of chemically affecting or decomposing the gastric juice by precipitating one in all its principal constituents, viz., pepsine, rendering its solvent properties abundant less efficacious. Hence alcohol can not be thought of either as food or as a solvent for food. Not because the latter certainly, for it refuses to act with the gastric juice.

“‘It’s a remarkable fact,’ says Dr. Dundas Thompson, ‘that alcohol, when added to the digestive fluid, produces a white precipitate, thus {that the} fluid is now not capable of digesting animal or vegetable matter.’ ‘The utilization of alcoholic stimulants,’ say Drs. Todd and Bowman, ‘retards digestion by coagulating the pepsine, a necessary element of the gastric juice, and thereby interfering with its action. Were it not that wine and spirits are rapidly absorbed, the introduction of those into the stomach, in any quantity, would be a complete bar to the digestion of food, as the pepsine would be precipitated from the solution as quickly as it absolutely was shaped by the stomach.’ Spirit, in any amount, as a dietary adjunct, is pernicious on account of its antiseptic qualities, that resist the digestion of food by the absorption of water from its particles, in direct antagonism to chemical operation.”

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Dr. Ezra M. Hunt says: “The capacity of the alcohols for impairment of functions and the initiation and promotion of organic lesions in important elements, is unsurpassed by any record in the entire range of medicine.  The facts as to the current are thus indisputable, and therefore far granted by the profession, on be not debatable . Changes in abdomen and liver, in kidneys and lungs, in the blood-vessels to the minutest capillary, and in the blood to the littlest red and white blood disc disturbances of secretion, fibroid and fatty degenerations in virtually every organ, impairment of muscular power, impressions so profound on both nervous systems as to be often toxic these, and such as these, are the oft manifested results. And these aren’t confined to those referred to as intemperate.”

Professor Youmans says: “It is evident that, thus far from being the conservator of health, alcohol is an active and powerful reason for disease, interfering, because it will, with the respiration, the circulation and therefore the nutrition; currently, is any alternative result doable?”

Dr. F.R. Lees says: “That alcohol should contribute to the fattening method under certain conditions, and turn out in drinkers fatty degeneration of the blood, follows, as a matter of course, since, on the one hand, we tend to have an agent that  retains waste  matter by lowering the nutritive and excretory functions, and on the other, a  direct poisoner  of the vesicles of the vital stream.”

Dr. Henry Monroe says: “There is no reasonably tissue, whether or not healthy or morbid, which will not bear fatty degeneration; and there is no organic disease thus troublesome to the medical man, or therefore difficult of cure. If, by the help of the microscope, we have a tendency to examine a very fine section of muscle taken from an individual in good health, we have a tendency to notice the muscles firm, elastic and of a bright red color, created from parallel fibres, with beautiful crossings or striae; but, if we tend to equally examine the muscle of a man who leads an idle, sedentary life, and indulges in intoxicating drinks, we detect, at once, a pale, flabby, inelastic, oily appearance. Alcoholic narcotization appears to provide this peculiar conditions of the tissues  additional than any other agent with which we are acquainted.  ‘Three-quarters of the chronic illness which the medical man has to treat,’ says Dr. Chambers, ‘are occasioned by this disease.’ The eminent French analytical chemist, Lecanu, found as much as one hundred and seventeen elements of fat in one thousand components of a drunkard’s blood, the very best estimate of the number in health being eight and one-quarter components, while the ordinary quantity is no more than two or three parts, therefore {that the} blood of the drunkard contains forty times in way over the ordinary quantity.”

Dr. Hammond, who has written, in partial defense of alcohol as containing a food power, says: “When I say that it, of all different causes,  is most prolific  in exciting derangements of the brain, the spinal twine and the nerves, I make an announcement which my own experience shows to be correct.”

Another eminent physician says of alcohol: “It substitutes suppuration for growth. It helps time to supply the consequences old; and, in a very word, is the genius of degeneration.”

Dr. Monroe, from whom “Alcohol, taken in tiny quantities, or largely diluted,  as in the shape of beer, causes the stomach gradually to lose its tone, and makes  it dependent upon artificial stimulus. Atony, or want of tone of the abdomen, gradually supervenes, and incurable disorder of health results. Should a dose of alcoholic drink be taken daily, the heart will terribly usually become hypertrophied, or enlarged throughout. Indeed, it’s painful to witness how  many  persons are actually laboring beneath disease of the center, owing chiefly to the utilization of alcoholic liquors.”

Dr. T.K. Chambers, physician to the Prince of Wales, says: “Alcohol is extremely the most ungenerous diet there is. It impoverishes the blood, and there’s no surer road to that degeneration of muscular fibre so much to be feared; and in heart disease it is a lot of particularly hurtful, by quickening the beat, inflicting capillary congestion and irregular circulation, and so mechanically inducing dilatation.”

Sir Henry Thompson, a distinguished surgeon, says: “Do not take your daily wine underneath any pretext of its doing you good. Take it frankly as a luxury one that should be procured, by some persons very lightly, by some at a high price,  however continually to be paid for. And, principally, some loss of health, or of mental power, or of calmness of temper, or of judgment, is the price.”

Dr. Charles Jewett says: “The late Prof. Parks, of England, in his great work on Hygiene, has effectually disposed of the notion, long and very typically entertained, that alcohol could be a valuable prophylactic where a dangerous climate, unhealthy water and different conditions unfavorable to health, exist; and an unfortunate experiment with the article, within the Union army, on the banks of the Chickahominy, within the year 1863, proved conclusively that, instead of guarding the human constitution against the influence of agencies hostile to health, its use provides to them extra force. The medical history of the British army in India teaches the same lesson.”

But why gift farther testimony? Is not the proof complete? To the person who values good health; who wouldn’t lay the muse for disease and suffering in his later years, we need not provide a single extra argument in favor of entire abstinence from alcoholic drinks. He will eschew them as poisons.

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The physical disasters that follow the continued use of intoxicating beverages are unhappy enough, and terrible enough; but the surely attendant mental, ethical and spiritual disasters are sadder and a lot of terrible still. If you disturb the healthy condition of the brain, which is the physical organ through which the mind acts, you disturb the mind. It will not have the same clearness of perception as before; nor have the identical rational management over the impulses and passions.

Heavenly order within the body.
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In order to perceive an issue clearly, certain general laws, or principles, should be seen and admitted. And here we have a tendency to assume, as a general truth, that health in {the human body} is traditional heavenly order on the physical plane of life, and that any disturbance of that order exposes the person to damaging influences, that are evil and infernal in their character. Higher than the natural and physical plane, and resting upon it, while man lives in this world, is that the mental and non secular plane, or degree of life. This degree is in heavenly order when the rationale is evident, and the appetites and passions under its wise control. But, if, through any cause, this fine equipoise is disturbed, or lost, then a way is opened for the influx of a lot of subtle evil influences than like invade the body, because they have power to act upon the explanation and therefore the passions, obscuring the one and inflaming the others.

We understand how surely the loss of bodily health leads to mental disturbance. If the seat of disease be remote from the brain, the disturbance is sometimes slight; however it increases as the bother comes nearer and nearer to that organ, and shows itself in multiform ways that in keeping with character, temperament or inherited disposition; however nearly continuously in a very predominance of what is evil rather than good. There will be fretfulness, or sick-nature, or selfish exactions, or mental obscurity, or unreasoning demands, or, it may be, vicious and cruel propensities, where, when the brain was undisturbed by disease, reason held rule with patience and loving kindness. If the disease that has attacked the brain goes on increasing, the mental disease that follows as a consequence of organic disturbance or deterioration, can have increased conjointly, until insanity could be established in some one or more of its several sad and varied forms.

Insanity.
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It’s, thus, a terribly serious factor for a person to take into his body any substance that, on reaching that wonderfully delicate organ the brain, sets up therein a diseased action; for, diseased mental action is certain to follow. A fever is a fever, whether or not it be light or intensely burning; and so any disturbance of the mind’s rational equipoise is insanity, whether or not it’s in the best type of temporary obscurity, or within the midnight of a completely darkened intellect.

We have a tendency to are not writing within the interest of any special theory, nor in the spirit of partisanship; however with an earnest want to form the reality appear. You must not accept something merely as a result of we tend to say it, however as a result of he sees it to be true. Now, as to the present matter of insanity, let him suppose calmly. The word is one that provides us a shock; and, as we hear it, we have a tendency to virtually involuntarily thank God for the nice gift of a well-balanced mind. What, if from any cause this stunning equipoise should be disturbed and the mind lose its power to suppose clearly, or to hold the lower passions in due management? Shall we have a tendency to exceed the truth if we tend to say that the person in whom this takes place is insane just within the degree that he has lost his rational self-control; and that he’s restored when he regains that management?

In this read, the question as to the hurtfulness of alcoholic drinks assumes a replacement and graver aspect. Do they disturb the brain once they return in touch with its substance; and deteriorate it if the contact be long continued? Truth, observation, experience and scientific investigation all emphatically say yes; and we recognize that if the brain be disordered the mind, will be disordered, likewise; and a disordered mind is an insane mind. Clearly, then, within the degree {that a} man impairs or hurts his brain briefly or continuously in that degree his mind is unbalanced; in that degree he isn’t a really rational and sane man.

We are holding your thought simply here that you will have time to assume, and to seem at the question in the sunshine of reason and customary sense. Thus far as he does this, will he be ready to feel the force of such proof as we tend to shall educe in what follows, and to comprehend its true meaning.

Different substances besides alcohol act injuriously on the brain; but there is none that compares with this in the extent, selection and diabolical aspect of the mental aberrations which follow its use. We tend to aren’t speaking thoughtlessly or wildly; however simply uttering a truth well-known to every man of observation, and which every man, and particularly those who take this substance in any kind, should, lay deeply to heart. Why it’s that such awful and destructive sorts of insanity ought to follow, as they do, the use of alcohol it is not for us to say. That they are doing follow it, we have a tendency to grasp, and we have a tendency to hold, up the very fact in solemn warning.

Another consideration, which ought to have weight with each one, is that this, that no man can tell what may be the character of the legacy he has received from his ancestors. He could have an inheritance of latent evil forces, transmitted through many generations, which only await some favoring chance to spring into life and action. So long as he maintains a rational self-control, and also the healthy order of his life be not disturbed, they may continue quiescent; however if his brain loses its equipoise, or is hurt or impaired, then a diseased psychical condition may be induced and also the latent evil forces be quickened into life.

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The transforming power or alcohol is marvelous, and usually appalling. It appears to open a way of entrance into the soul for all classes of foolish, insane or malignant spirits, who, so long because it remains in reality with the brain, are ready to hold possession. Men of the kindest nature when sober, act usually like fiends when drunk. Crimes and outrages are committed, that shock and shame the perpetrators when the excitement of inebriation has passed away. Referring to the present subject, Dr. Henry Munroe says:

“It appears from the experience of Mr. Fletcher, who has paid a lot of attention to the cases of drunkards, from the remarks of Mr. Dunn, in his ‘Medical Psychology,’ and from observations of my very own, that there’s some analogy between our physical and psychical natures; for, because the physical part folks, when its power is at a coffee ebb, becomes vulnerable of morbid influences that, in full vigor, would leave out it without impact, therefore when the psychical (synonymous with the  moral ) part of the brain has its healthy perform disturbed and deranged by the introduction of a morbid poison like alcohol, the individual so circumstanced sinks in depravity, and “becomes the helpless subject of the forces of evil, “which are powerless against a nature free from the morbid influences of alcohol.”

Completely different persons are affected in numerous ways that by the identical poison. Indulgence in alcoholic drinks might act upon one or more of the cerebral organs; and, as its necessary consequence, the manifestations of useful disturbance will follow in such of the mental powers as these organs subserve. If the indulgence be continued, then, either from deranged nutrition or organic lesion, manifestations formerly developed only during a match of intoxication could become  permanent , and terminate in insanity or dypso-mania. M. Flourens initial detected the actual fact that sure morbific agents, when introduced into the present of the circulation, tend to act  primarily  and  specially  on one nervous centre in place of that of another, by virtue of some special elective affinity between such morbific agents and bound ganglia. So, within the tottering gait of the tipsy man, we see the influence of alcohol upon the functions of the  cerebellum  within the impairment of its power of co-ordinating the muscles.

Bound writers on diseases of the mind make especial allusion to that type of insanity termed ‘dypsomania’, in that an individual has an unquenchable thirst for alcoholic drinks a tendency as decidedly maniacal as that of  homicidal mania ; or the uncontrollable desire to burn, termed  pyromania ; or to steal, called  kleptomania.

Homicidal mania.
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The different tendencies of homicidal mania in several people are typically only nursed into action when the present of the blood has been poisoned with alcohol. I had a case of a person who, whenever his brain was therefore excited, told me that he experienced a most uncontrollable need to kill or injure some one; therefore abundant thus, that he might sometimes hardly restrain himself from the action, and was obliged to refrain from all stimulants, lest, in an unlucky moment, he might commit himself. Townley, who murdered the young lady of his affections, for that he was sentenced to be imprisoned in an exceedingly lunatic asylum for life,  poisoned his brain with brandy  and soda-water before he committed the rash act. The brandy stimulated into action bound portions of the brain, that acquired such a power on subjugate his will, and hurry him to the performance of a frightful deed, opposed alike to his higher judgment and his ordinary desires.

On pyromania , some years ago I knew a laboring man in a very country village, who, whenever he had had some glasses of ale at the general public-house, would chuckle with delight at the thought of firing bound gentlemen’s stacks. However, when his brain was free from the poison, a quieter, better-disposed man might not be. Unfortunately, he became obsessed on habits of intoxication; and, one night, underneath alcoholic excitement, fired some stacks belonging to his employers, for that, he was sentenced for fifteen years to a penal settlement, where his brain would never again be alcoholically excited.

Kleptomania.
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Next, I will provide an example of  kleptomania . I knew, many years ago, a very clever, industrious and gifted young man, who told me that whenever he had been drinking, he may hardly stand up to, the temptation of stealing anything that came in his way; but that these feelings never troubled him at different times. One afternoon, when he had been indulging along with his fellow-workmen in drink, his can, unfortunately, was overpowered, and he took from the mansion where he was working some articles of price, for which he was accused, and afterwards sentenced to a term of imprisonment. When set at liberty he had the great fortune to be placed among some kind-hearted persons, vulgarly referred to as teetotallers ; and, from conscientious motives, signed the PLEDGE, currently above twenty years ago. From that point to this moment he has never experienced the overmastering want that so often beset him in his drinking days to require that which was not his own. Moreover, no pretext on earth may now entice him to style of any liquor containing alcohol, feeling that, beneath its influence, he may once more fall its victim. He holds an influential position within the town where he resides.

I have known some ladies of excellent position in society, who, once a dinner or supper-party, and once having taken sundry glasses of wine, could not stand up to the temptation of taking home any little article not their own, when the opportunity offered; and who, in their sober moments, have came them, as if taken by mistake. We tend to have several instances recorded in our police reports of gentlemen of position, under the influence of drink, committing thefts of the foremost paltry articles, afterwards returned to the owners by their friends, which will only be accounted for, psychologically, by the actual fact {that the}  can  had been for the time completely overpowered by the delicate influence of alcohol.

Loss of mental clearness.
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Alcohol, whether or not taken in massive or tiny doses, immediately disturbs the natural functions of the mind and body, is now conceded by the foremost eminent physiologists. Dr. Brinton says: ‘Mental acuteness, accuracy of conception, and delicacy of the senses, are all so far opposed by the action of alcohol, as that the utmost efforts of every are  incompatible  with the ingestion of any moderate amount of fermented liquid. Indeed, there’s scarcely any calling that demands skillful and exact effort of mind and body, or which requires the balanced exercise of the many colleges, that doesn’t illustrate this rule. The mathematician, the gambler, the metaphysician, the billiard-player, the author, the artist, the physician, would, if they may analyze their experience aright, usually concur within the statement, that  a single glass will typically suffice to require , so to speak,  the edge off each mind and body , and to cut back their capability to one thing below what is relatively their perfection of work.

A train was driven carelessly into one in every of the principal London stations, running into another train, killing, by the collision, six or seven persons, and injuring several others. From the proof at the inquest, it appeared {that the} guard was reckoned sober, solely he had had 2 glasses of ale with an admirer at a previous station. Currently, reasoning psychologically, these 2 glasses of ale had probably been instrumental in  kicking off the edge  from his perceptions and prudence, and manufacturing a carelessness or boldness of action that wouldn’t have occurred underneath the cooling, temperate influence of a beverage free from alcohol. Many persons have admitted to me that they weren’t the identical when taking even one glass of ale or wine that they were before, and may not  totally  trust themselves after they’d taken this single glass.

Impairment of memory.
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An impairment of the memory is among the early symptoms of alcoholic derangement.

“This,” says Dr. Richardson, “extends even to forgetfulness of the commonest things; to names of familiar persons, to dates, to duties of daily life. Surprisingly, too,” he adds, “this failure, like that that indicates, within the aged, the era of second childishness and mere oblivion, does not extend to the items of the past, but is confined to events that are passing. On recent reminiscences the mind retains its power; on new ones it needs constant prompting and sustainment.”

During this failure of memory nature provides a solemn warning that imminent peril is at hand. Well for the habitual drinker if he heed the warning. Should he not do thus, symptoms of a more serious character will, in time, develop themselves, as the brain becomes a lot of and additional diseased, ending, it could be, in permanent insanity.

Mental and ethical diseases.
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Of the mental and ethical diseases which too usually follow the regular drinking of alcohol, we tend to have painful records in asylum reports, in medical testimony and in our daily observation and experience. These are thus full and varied, and thrust therefore constantly on our attention, {that the} wonder is that men are not afraid to run the terrible risks involved even in what is referred to as the moderate use of alcoholic beverages.

In 1872, a select committee of the House of Commons, appointed “to think about the best set up for the control and management of habitual drunkards,” known as upon some of the foremost eminent medical men in Great Britain to provide their testimony in answer to a giant number of queries, embracing each topic inside the vary of inquiry, from the pathology of inebriation to the sensible usefulness of prohibitory laws. During this testimony much was said about the effect of alcoholic stimulation on the mental condition and ethical character. One physician, Dr. James Crichton Brown, who, in 10 years’ expertise as superintendent of lunatic asylums, has paid special attention to the relations of habitual drunkenness to insanity, having rigorously examined 5 hundred cases, testified that alcohol, taken in excess, made different sorts of mental disease, of which he mentioned four classes: 1.  Mania a potu , or alcoholic mania. 2. The monomania of suspicion. 3. Chronic alcoholism, characterised by failure of the memory and power of judgment, with partial paralysis generally ending fatally. 4. Dypsomania, or an  irresistible  yearning for alcoholic stimulants, occuring very frequently, paroxysmally, and with constant liability to periodical exacerbations, when the craving becomes altogether uncontrollable. Of this latter form of disease, he says: “This is invariably associated with a certain  impairment of the intellect, and of the affections and also the ethical powers .”

Dr. Alexander Peddie, a physician of over thirty-seven years’ practice in Edinburgh, gave, in his proof, several remarkable instances of the ethical perversions that followed continued drinking.

Relation between insanity and drunkenness.
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Dr. John Nugent said that his expertise of twenty-six years among lunatics, led him to believe that there is a very shut relation between the results of the abuse of alcohol and insanity. The population of Ireland had decreased, he said, two millions in twenty-five years, but there was the identical amount of insanity currently that there was before. He attributed this, in a very nice live, to indulgence in drink.

Dr. Arthur Mitchell, Commissioner of Lunacy for Scotland, testified {that the} excessive use of alcohol caused a massive quantity of the lunacy, crime and pauperism of that country. In some men, he said, habitual drinking results in different diseases than insanity, as a result of the impact is usually within the direction of the proclivity, however it’s certain that there are various in whom there is a clear proclivity to insanity,  who would escape that dreadful consummation except for drinking; excessive drinking in many persons determining the insanity to which they’re, at any rate, predisposed . The youngsters of drunkards, he additional said, are during a larger proportion idiotic than other kids, and in an exceedingly larger proportion become themselves drunkards; they’re conjointly in an exceedingly larger proportion susceptible to the normal styles of acquired insanity.

Dr. Winslow Forbes believed that in the habitual drunkard the whole nervous structure, and therefore the brain particularly, became poisoned by alcohol. All the mental symptoms which you see accompanying ordinary intoxication, he remarks, result from the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. It’s the brain that is especially effected. In temporary drunkenness, the brain becomes in an abnormal state of alimentation, and if this habit is persisted in for years, the nervous tissue itself becomes permeated with alcohol, and organic changes take place within the nervous tissues of the brain, producing  that frightful and dreadful chronic insanity that we have a tendency to see in lunatic asylums, traceable entirely to habits of intoxication . A massive share of frightful mental and brain disturbances can, he declared, be traced to the drunkenness of parents.

Dr. D.G. Dodge, late of the New York State Inebriate Asylum, who, with. Dr. Joseph Parrish, gave testimony before the committee of the House of Commons, said, in one of his answers: “With the excessive use of alcohol, practical disorder will invariably appear, and no organ can be more seriously affected, and presumably impaired, than the brain.  This is often shown within the inebriate by a weakened intellect, a general debility of the mental schools , a partial or total loss of self-respect, and a departure of the facility of self-command; all of that, acting together, place the victim susceptible to a depraved and morbid appetite, and build him completely powerless, by his own unaided efforts, to secure his recovery from the disease that is destroying him.” And he adds: “I’m of opinion that there is a “nice similarity between inebriety and insanity.

“I am decidedly of opinion that the former has taken its place in the family of diseases as prominently as its twin-brother insanity; and, in my view, the day is not so much distant when the pathology of the former can be as fully understood and as successfully treated because the latter, and even additional successfully, since it is additional within the reach and bounds of human management, that, wisely exercised and scientifically administered, could forestall curable inebriation from verging into doable incurable insanity.”

General impairment of the faculties.
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Dr. Richardson, speaking of the action of alcohol on the mind, offers the subsequent unhappy picture of its ravages:

“An analysis of the condition of the mind induced and maintained by the free daily use of alcohol as a drink, reveals a singular order of facts. The manifestation fails altogether to reveal the exaltation of any reasoning power during a useful or satisfactory direction. I’ve got never met with an instance in that such a claim for alcohol has been made. Quite the opposite, confirmed alcoholics constantly say that for this or that job, requiring thought and a spotlight, it is necessary to forego a number of the standard potations in order to have a cool head for laborious work.

“On the opposite facet, the expertise is overwhelmingly in favor of the observation that the use of “alcohol sells the reasoning powers, “create weak men and girls the straightforward prey of the wicked and sturdy, and leads men and girls who should grasp better into each grade of misery and vice. If, then, alcohol enfeebles the explanation, what half of the mental constitution will it exalt and excite? It excites and exalts those animal, organic, emotional centres of mind which, in the dual nature of man, therefore often cross and oppose that pure and abstract reasoning nature which lifts man higher than the lower animals, and rightly exercised, very little less than the angels.

It excites man’s worst passions.
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Exciting these animal centres, it lets loose all the passions, and provides them additional or less of unlicensed dominion over the man. It excites anger, and when it will not lead to the current extreme, it keeps the mind fretful, irritable, dissatisfied and captious…. And if I were to take you through all the passions, love, hate, lust, envy, avarice and pride, I ought to however show you that alcohol ministers to them all; that, paralyzing the explanation, it takes from off these passions that fine adjustment of reason, which places man above the lower animals. From the start to the tip of its influence it subdues reason and sets the passions free. The analogies, physical and mental, are perfect. That that loosens the strain of the vessels that feed the body with due order and precision, and, thereby, lets loose the heart to violent excess and unbridled motion, loosens, conjointly, the explanation and lets loose the passion. In both instances, heart and head are, for a time, out of harmony; their balance broken. The man descends closer and nearer to the lower animals. From the angels he glides farther and farther away.

A sad and terrible picture.
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The  destructive  effects of alcohol on the human mind gift, finally, the saddest image of its influence. The most aesthetic artist can notice no angel here. All is animal, and animal of the worst type. Memory irretrievably lost, words and terribly parts of speech forgotten or words displaced to own no which means in them. Rage and anger persistent and mischievous, or remittent and impotent. Worry at every corner of life, distrust on every side, grief merged into blank despair, hopelessness into permanent melancholy. Surely no Pandemonium that ever poet dreamt of may equal that which would exist if all the drunkards of the globe were driven into one mortal sphere.

As I’ve got moved among those who are physically stricken with alcohol, and have detected below the numerous disguises of name the fatal diseases, the pains and penalties it imposes on the body, the picture has been sufficiently cruel. But even that image pales, as I conjure up, without any stretch of imagination, the devastations which the identical agent inflicts on the mind. Forty per cent., the learned Superintendent of Colney Hatch, Dr. Sheppard, tells us, of those who were brought into that asylum in 1876, were so brought as a result of of the direct or indirect effects of alcohol. If the facts of all the asylums were collected with equal care, the same tale would, I worry, be told. What need we tend to additional to show the harmful action on the human mind? The Pandemonium of drunkards; the grand transformation scene of that pantomime of drink which commences with, moderation! Let it never a lot of be forgotten by people who love their fellow-men till, through their efforts, it’s closed forever.”

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I once had the uncommon, though unhappy, chance of observing the identical phenomenon in the brain structure of a person, who, in a paroxysm of alcoholic excitement, decapitated himself under the wheel of a railway carriage, and whose brain was instantaneously evolved from the skull by the crash. The brain itself, entire, was before me inside three minutes after the death. It exhaled the odor of spirit most distinctly, and its membranes and minute structures were vascular within the extreme. It looked as if it had been recently injected with vermilion. The white matter of the cerebrum, studded with red points, could scarcely be distinguished, when it was incised, by its natural whiteness; and also the pia-mater, or internal vascular membrane covering the brain, resembled a delicate internet of coagulated red blood, therefore tensely were its fine vessels engorged.

I should add that this condition extended through both the larger and the smaller brain, the cerebrum and cerebellum, but wasn’t therefore marked in the medulla or commencing portion of the spinal cord.

The spinal cord and nerves.
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The action of alcohol continued beyond the primary stage, the operate of the spinal cord is influenced. Through this half of the nervous system we are accustomed, in health, to perform automatic acts of a mechanical kind, that proceed systematically even when we are thinking or speaking on other subjects. Thus a talented workman will continue his mechanical work perfectly, whereas his mind is bent on some other subject; and thus we have a tendency to all perform varied acts during a purely automatic manner, without calling in the help of the upper centres, except one thing more than standard occurs to demand their service, upon that we have a tendency to suppose before we perform. Beneath alcohol, as the spinal centres become influenced, these pure automatic acts stop to be properly carried on. {That the} hand may reach any object, or the foot be properly planted, the upper intellectual centre should be invoked to form the continuing secure. There follows quickly upon this a deficient power of co-ordination of muscular movement. The nervous control of sure of the muscles is lost, and the nervous stimulus is more or less enfeebled. The muscles of the lower lip within the human subject sometimes fail initial of all, then the muscles of the lower limbs, and it’s warrant remark {that the} extensor muscles provide approach earlier than the flexors. The muscles themselves, by this point, are failing in power; they respond additional feebly than is natural to the nervous stimulus; they, too, are coming underneath the depressing influence of the paralyzing agent, their structure is temporarily deranged, and their contractile power reduced.

This modification of the animal functions below alcohol, marks the second degree of its action. In young subjects, there’s now, usually, vomiting with faintness, followed by gradual relief from the burden of the poison.

Result on the brain centres.
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The alcoholic spirit carried nonetheless a any degree, the cerebral or brain centres become influenced; they’re reduced in power, and also the controlling influences of can and of judgment are lost. As these centres are unbalanced and thrown into chaos, the rational half of the nature of the man offers approach before the emotional, passional or organic part. The explanation is now off duty, or is fooling with duty, and all the mere animal instincts and sentiments are laid atrociously bare. The coward shows up a lot of craven, the braggart more boastful, the cruel additional merciless, the untruthful a lot of false, the carnal more degraded. ‘ In vino veritas ‘ expresses, even, indeed, to physiological accuracy, the true condition. The explanation, the emotions, the instincts, are all in a state of carnival, and in chaotic feebleness.

Finally, the action of the alcohol still extending, the superior brain centres are overpowered; the senses are beclouded, the voluntary muscular prostration is perfected, sensibility is lost, and therefore the body lies a mere log, dead by all however one-fourth, on which alone its life hangs. The guts still remains true to its duty, and while it simply lives it feeds the respiratory power. And so the circulation and also the respiration, within the otherwise inert mass, keeps the mass at intervals the blank domain of life until the poison begins to pass on and the nervous centres to revive again. It is happy for the inebriate that, normally, the brain fails so long before the guts that he has neither the facility nor the sense to continue his process of destruction up to the act of death of his circulation. Thus he lives to die another day.

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The components which initial suffer from alcohol are those expansions of the body that the anatomists call the membranes. “The skin may be a membranous envelope. Through the full of the alimentary surface, from the lips downward, and thru the bronchial passages to their minutest ramifications, extends the mucous membrane. The lungs, the heart, the liver, the kidneys are folded in delicate membranes, which can be stripped simply from these parts. If you take a portion of bone, you may find it simple to strip faraway from it a membranous sheath or covering; if you examine a joint, you may find each the top and also the socket lined with membranes. The full of the intestines are enveloped during a fine membrane called  peritoneum . All the muscles are enveloped in membranes, and the fasciculi, or bundles and fibres of muscles, have their membranous sheathing. The brain and spinal twine are enveloped in 3 membranes; one nearest to themselves, a pure vascular structure, a network of blood-vessels; another, a skinny serous structure; a 3rd, a strong fibrous structure. The eyeball could be a structure of colloidal humors and membranes, and of nothing else. To finish the outline, the minute structures of the vital organs are enrolled in membranous matter.”

These membranes are the filters of the body. “In their absence there might be no building of structure, no solidification of tissue, nor organic mechanism. Passive themselves, they, nevertheless, separate all structures into their respective positions and adaptations.”

Membranous deteriorations.
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So as to create perfectly clear to your mind the action and use of these membranous expansions, and the manner in that alcohol deteriorates them, and obstructs their work, we have a tendency to quote once more from Dr. Richardson:

“The animal receives from the vegetable world and from the world the foods and drinks it needs for its sustenance and motion. It receives colloidal food for its muscles: flamable food for its motion; water for the solution of its varied parts; salt for constructive and alternative physical purposes. These have all to be arranged within the body; and they’re arranged by suggests that of the membranous envelopes. Through these membranes nothing will pass that’s not, for the time, in a state of aqueous answer, like water or soluble salts. Water passes freely through them, salts pass freely through them, however the constructive matter of the active elements that is colloidal does not pass; it is retained in them until it is chemically decomposed into the soluble type of matter. Once we take for our food a little of animal flesh, it is 1st resolved, in digestion, into a soluble fluid before it can be absorbed; in the blood it’s resolved into the fluid colloidal condition; in the solids it is laid down inside the membranes into new structure, and when it has played its part, it is digested once more, if I may thus say, into a crystalloidal soluble substance, ready to be over excited and replaced by addition of recent matter, then it’s dialysed or skillful, the membranes into the blood, and is disposed of within the excretions.

“See, then, what an all-necessary part these membranous structures play in the animal life. Upon their integrity all the silent work of the building up of the body depends. If these membranes are rendered too porous, and let out the colloidal fluids of the blood the albumen, for example the body thus circumstanced, dies; dies as if it were slowly bled to death. If, on the contrary, they become condensed or thickened, or loaded with foreign material, then they fail to permit the natural fluids to taste them. They fail to dialyse, and therefore the result’s, either an accumulation of the fluid in an exceedingly closed cavity, or contraction of the substance inclosed within the membrane, or dryness of membrane in surfaces that must be freely lubricated and kept apart. In old age we tend to see the effects of modification of membrane naturally induced; we see the fastened joint, the shrunken and feeble muscle, the dimmed eye, the deaf ear, the enfeebled nervous function.

“It might presumably seem, at first sight, that I’m leading immediately away from the topic of the secondary action of alcohol. It is not so. I am leading on to it. Upon of these membranous structures alcohol exerts a right away perversion of action. It produces in them a thickening, a shrinking and an inactivity that reduces their practical power. That they may work rapidly and equally, they require to be in any respect times charged with water to saturation. If, into contact with them, any agent is brought that deprives them of water, then is their work interfered with; they cease to separate the saline constituents properly; and, if the evil that is thus started, be allowed to continue, they contract upon their contained matter in no matter organ it may be situated, and condense it.

“Briefly, underneath the prolonged influence of alcohol those changes that happen from it within the blood corpuscles, extend to the opposite organic parts, involving them in structural deteriorations, which are continuously dangerous, and are typically ultimately fatal.”

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